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Joshua Lott

The states along the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/02/05/colorado-river-drought-explained/" target=_blank>Colorado River</a> — a vital source of water and electricity for the American West — reached an agreement with the Biden administration to conserve an unprecedented amount of their water supply in exchange for $1.2 billion in federal funding, state and federal officials said Monday.

After nearly a year of negotiations and multiple missed deadlines, the deal is a temporary solution intended to protect the country’s largest reservoirs — <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/02/18/changes-needed-save-second-largest-us-reservoir-experts-say/" target=_blank>Lake Powell</a> and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/06/27/lake-mead-reservoir-drought/" target=_blank>Lake Mead</a> — from dropping to critical levels over the next three years. These reservoirs have fallen dramatically as the warming climate and the past <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/06/16/drought-west-california-mountains/" target=_blank>two decades of drought</a> have reduced the river’s natural flow by about 20 percent.

To stabilize the river, the three states that make up the Lower Basin — California, Arizona and Nevada — have agreed to voluntarily conserve 3 million acre-feet of water over the next three years, which amounts to 13 percent of these states’ total allocation from the river. The Biden administration has committed to compensating the states for three-quarters of the water savings — or 2.3 million acre-feet — which would amount to about $1.2 billion in federal funds, the people familiar with the talks said. The money from the Inflation Reduction Act would pay farmers, Native American tribes, cities and others who voluntarily forgo their supplies.

“There are 40 million people, seven states, and 30 Tribal Nations who rely on the Colorado River Basin for basic services such as drinking water and electricity,” Interior Secretary Deb Haaland said in a statement Monday. “Today’s announcement is a testament to the Biden-Harris administration’s commitment to working with states, Tribes and communities throughout the West to find consensus solutions in the face of climate change and sustained drought.”

Why the Colorado River is important

The Colorado River runs through seven states and supplies more than 40 million people with water, and is a major resource for agriculture in the western U.S. But <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/02/05/colorado-river-drought-explained/" target=_blank>the river has been drying up for decades</a>, and water levels in Lake Powell and Lake Mead — both reservoirs on the river — hit historic lows in the past year.

What’s causing the Colorado River to dry up?

A combination of chronic water overuse and historic drought, accelerated by a warming climate, is draining the river. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/03/colorado-river-negotiations-water-snowpack/" target=_blank>Snow has been abundant in California this year</a>, and while the snowpack helps replenish the reservoirs, it won’t solve the Colorado River crisis or reverse the effects of a 23-year drought.

What’s being done to save the Colorado River?

It’s complicated. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/11/colorado-river-biden-review/" target=_blank>States could agree to cut back on their water use, or the federal government could step in</a>. But cuts could affect the farming regions that keep supermarkets stocked with fresh produce in the winter months, or populations of cities like Phoenix and Los Angeles, or both. If nothing is done, experts fear the impact could be even worse.

The deal, which was first reported Monday by the New York Times but <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/05/17/water-rights-colorado-river-near-deal/" target=_blank>whose outlines</a> The Washington Post detailed last week, came together over the past month in conference calls among state and federal officials and meetings in cities such as Las Vegas and Phoenix. It was pushed along by the publication last month of <a href="https://www.usbr.gov/ColoradoRiverBasin/SEIS.html" target=_blank>Interior’s environmental review of reservoir operations</a> — which outlined two alternatives for how to distribute cuts in water usage among the Lower Basin states.

Neither of those alternatives were particularly palatable to the states, which nudged them toward compromise. The timing of that federal process also forced the issue, as the states had until May 30 to issue formal comments on the Interior Department alternatives. As part of the new deal, Interior plans to suspend the comment period and instead analyze the new proposal in the federal environmental review process. The goal is to sign a record of decision that revises the 2007 rules that govern operations at both lakes.

Tom Buschatzke, Arizona’s commissioner to the Colorado River talks, emphasized on Monday that the deal did not represent a final outcome and that the parties have agreed to a new proposal to be analyzed by the Interior Department in the months ahead.

“It is important to note that this is not an agreement — this is an agreement to submit a proposal and an agreement to the terms of that proposal to be analyzed by the federal government,” Buschatzke told reporters. “That is a really critical point for everyone to understand.”

Erin Patrick  O'Connor

Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs (D), California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) and Nevada Gov. Joe Lombardo (R) <a href="https://azgovernor.gov/sites/default/files/lower_basin_governors_letter.pdf" target=_blank>sent a letter</a> to Interior supporting the plan to scrap the draft environmental impact statement published last month and instead analyze the new deal.

“We have been informed that under almost all modeling conditions, the Lower Basin States consensus proposal would result in greater protections for Lake Mead and Lake Powell than either of the alternatives analyzed” in the existing environmental impact statement, the governors said.

The Colorado River is a major source of drinking water for some of the country’s largest cities, including Los Angeles and Phoenix. The river irrigates farmland that keeps U.S. supermarkets stocked with vegetables in winter. And it provides cheap hydropower to millions of people in the West.

But by early last year, Biden administration officials became increasingly concerned that the lakes’ water levels could soon drop so low that hydroelectric dams would have to shut down. The paltry amounts of runoff reaching these lakes — even in years when the Rocky Mountains got a decent snowpack — added to fears that <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/12/01/drought-colorado-river-lake-powell/" target=_blank>“dead pool” was on the horizon</a>, when the reservoirs might fall so low that dams would effectively block the river from flowing out.

In June, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner Camille Calimlim Touton testified before the Senate that states needed to stop using 2 million to 4 million acre-feet of water — up to one-third of the river’s annual average flow — or the federal government would step in to protect the river.

The last time the basin states — Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico — had negotiated cutbacks in their usage, it had taken nearly six years. This time, Touton gave the states two months to reach a deal.

That launched intense negotiations that blew through two deadlines and at times involved bitter disputes between the parties. One <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/31/colorado-river-states-water-cuts-agreement/" target=_blank>central tension</a> was between Arizona and California, the two states that pull the most from Lake Mead. If the cutbacks in water use followed the legal priority system, Arizona would be hit hard, risking the water supplies of Phoenix and Tucson. If the states deviated from the priority system and distributed cuts equally among the Lower Basin, California and its <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/16/colorado-river-crisis-imperial-valley-california/" target=_blank>powerful farming regions</a> such as the Imperial Valley stood to suffer a major blow.

Ricky Carioti

The new deal among the states would require the Lower Basin to conserve at least 3 million acre-feet by 2026, with at least half of that coming this year. An acre-foot is about 326,000 gallons, what it would take to cover an acre of land with a foot of water.

Arizona, California and Nevada are still finalizing where all these water savings will come from within their states, but some of the outlines have emerged. California plans to contribute 1.6 million of the 3 million acre-feet over three years, according to a statement by the Colorado River Board of California. California is the largest user of the Colorado River, with an allocation of 4.4 million acre-feet per year.

“California’s water users will work quickly to implement conservation that will protect the system in the near term,” JB Hamby, the chairman of the Colorado River Board of California, said in a statement.

Nevada has pledged to conserve 285,000 acre-feet through 2026, according to John Entsminger, the Southern Nevada Water Authority general manager and state’s commissioner to the negotiations.

Entsminger said this amount would be saved in Lake Mead and would be uncompensated by the federal government. That’s because Nevada, which has a small allocation of 300,000 acre-feet per year from the river, wants to preserve the chance of getting some of that water back post-2027.

“For the state with a legal entitlement to 1.8 percent of the river, the water is more valuable to us than the federal money,” Entsminger said in an interview, adding that “there’s very solid comfort that this is going to be implemented.”

An Arizona official said the state was planning to conserve 1.1 million acre-feet of water between now and 2026.

The deal comes with emergency provisions if the reservoirs fall farther than expected in the next three years. The states would take additional action to protect reservoir elevations of 1,000 feet above sea level at Lake Mead and 3,500 feet at Lake Powell.

The heavy rain and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/04/california-drought-water-reservoirs-snowpack/" target="_blank">snow</a> that <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/03/30/california-snowpack-record-sierra/" target="_blank">fell on Western states</a> during winter helped ease the crisis on the Colorado and provided time and space for negotiators to reach a deal. With spring runoff, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/05/11/lake-powell-water-levels-rising-drought/" target="_blank">reservoirs have started rising</a> and dire predictions about reaching critical thresholds have receded, for now.

The 3 million acre-feet in reductions over three years is less than some of the plans laid out in the federal government’s environmental review. But state and federal officials have said they are comfortable that these reductions will be enough to protect the reservoirs until 2026, when the states and the federal government have been planning a major renegotiation of how Colorado River water is shared.

As part of this week’s agreement, the parties expect to formally start the 2026 process soon.

The fact that much of the water conservation could take place this year and next — as opposed to starting in 2024 under the alternatives outlined in the draft environmental impact statement — makes it a more appealing alternative that will leave reservoirs at higher levels, Entsminger said.

“We think it’s good policy,” he said. “But there are more steps to ultimately make this binding and enforceable.”

Entsminger said it was also a major step forward for protecting a vital water source for the West.

“This is probably the largest conservation plan in the history of the river,” he said.

The Ben Bradlee Award for Courage in Journalism 2018

Fellow at Woodrow Wilson Center, spring 2013

Fellow at Shorenstein Center at Harvard University, fall 2012

Overseas Press Club Hal Boyle Award 2010

A Kingdom of Their Own: The Family Karzai and the Afghan Disaster 

Duke University, BA, 2000

Columbia University, MS in journalism, 2002

Columbia University, MA in international relations, 2003

Joshua Partlow is a reporter on the The Washington Post’s national desk. He has served previously as the bureau chief in Mexico City, Kabul, Rio de Janeiro, and as a correspondent in Baghdad. 

Josh Partlow

Colorado River states, Biden make deal to protect drought-stricken river

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Lake Powell And The Colorado River Is Receding Due To The Recent Drought In Page Arizona.

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